
Downtown Des Moines viewed from the Robert D Ray Asian garden, which celebrates the contributions of Asian immigrant groups to the region.
Iowa’s capital and largest city, a place I knew well in my childhood, now has a new bus network, the result of our firm’s network design work with the Des Moines Area Regional Transit authority (DART). The new network started operating yesterday so today is its first weekday. You can find our full report explaining the plan here.
The DART network was obsolete because it:
- Was too focused on suburban Park-and-Ride markets that no longer exist due to working from home.
- Did not provide adequate frequencies in the densest corridors where there is strong all day demand.
- Did not make timed connections between routes at the downtown transit center.
Here’s what the old network looked like (click to enlarge and sharpen). Note the colors in the legend. Only one segment had service better than every 15 minutes, the point at which transit becomes much more useful and ridership tends to rise more substantially. The suburbs were mostly served by extremely infrequent services, worse than hourly and often peak-only.
We had a couple of severe constraints:
- To balance the agency’s budget, we had to cut the overall quantity of service by 10%. This was painful, because for the last 20 years the agency’s service has not grown with population growth, so the agency has been falling behind the growth in demand.
- Like many transit agencies in red states, DART is constructed as a voluntary organization of member cities, which gives every city a right to secede. As usual, the greatest ridership potential is in the historic fabric of Des Moines but the agency relies on tax revenues from the outer suburbs and struggles to serve them well, since their car-oriented development patterns are less supportive of transit ridership.
As usual, our first step was to ask the community whether the primary goal should be ridership or coverage. To do this, we developed two contrasting concepts. The first showed what the network would look like if ridership were the only goal. It has more frequent lines in the densest and most walkable areas, but covers fewer places overall.
This wasn’t a pure 100% ridership concept, because this agency wanted to acknowledge the right of each city to make its own judgment. So we included the highest-ridership thing was that we could do in each member city. Putting all the resources where they would attract the most riders overall would have meant moving almost all the resources into the city of Des Moines, and that would not have worked given the governance structure.
We also designed a coverage concept, which maximizes the number of people who have some service, though at the expense of lower frequencies. This concept makes more use of microtransit as a coverage tool.
The public and the Board considered these alternatives and gave us direction about how to balance these two goals, leading to the final plan:

The plan does several things that we’re proud of:
- It expands the extent of 15 minute frequency in the densest parts of inner Des Moines and Windsor Heights, the highest-demand cities in the region.
- It increases weekend service substantially. All 15-minute and 30-minute routes have these same frequencies seven days a week.
- It creates a continuous two way loop line, Line 4, which is designed to connect many major activity centers on a single service that does not require changing buses. The route links downtown, three shopping centers, the county government offices, the State Capitol, and the walkable old town of West Des Moines, as well as serving a great deal of relatively dense development. (Note that part of Line 4 is overlaid on Line 5 to create a combined 15 minute frequency, which is why you see the color of the route change.)
- It removes all 20 minute frequencies and instead standardizes frequencies at 15, 30, or 60. This means that …
- All infrequent services (every 30 or 60 min) are timed to meet at the transit center at the same time, ensuring that connections are fast even if the frequencies are low.
- Outer cities that wanted coverage service get it, through some mixture of infrequent fixed routes and on-demand transit (a. k. a. microtransit). For example, in the west, the town of Clive wanted coverage while West Des Moines wanted more focus on ridership, so the network gives each what they preferred. I would not recommend this in every agency, because the level of investment in ridership services has consequences for the agency as a whole, but it was the right choice given the governance model here.
For one rough measure of the outcomes, we looked at how many jobs each resident of the region could get to in 45 minutes. Even though the overall network is a 10% cut in service, this access to opportunity score is up for the whole population and for all subgroups we studied:
And although the final network invests more in ridership service and less in coverage service than the old one, we still managed to increase the number of residents covered with some service, by 5%! Again, all this was done while reducing the total service level by 10%, not because we want to but because of the agency’s budget situation.
If you’re in Des Moines, we hope you’ll check out your new transit network. Many, many trips are possible that weren’t before, especially to shopping, medical, and educational destinations in the inner parts of the region. Go somewhere you couldn’t go before!
















